The more important reason is (b), because people's life situations are different. A landless labourer may want more work and better wages, while a farmer may want better crop prices. A girl may want equal freedom and opportunities. Thus, their needs and experiences are different, so their development goals are also different. People are different too, but their different situations strongly shape what they want.

No. This statement simply means that different people may want different things for their development. For example, one person may want a better job while another may want better education or more freedom.

No. Conflicting goals are different goals that cannot be achieved together easily. For example, industrialists may want a large dam for electricity, while displaced tribal people may oppose it because their land and homes may be submerged. So, conflict is a stronger form of difference.

Important non-income factors include equal treatment, freedom, security, respect, a safe working environment, job security, good healthcare, good education, a pollution-free environment and time for family. These things can greatly affect our quality of life even though they cannot always be bought with money.

Development does not mean only earning more money. Different people have different goals because their needs and situations are different. A person wants income, but also wants security, freedom, equality and respect. Sometimes the goals of two groups may conflict. Therefore, development should be understood as improvement in people's overall quality of life, not just an increase in income.

The area should have safe housing, clean surroundings, proper roads, electricity, clean drinking water, sanitation, schools, healthcare, employment opportunities and protection from pollution and other dangers. Development should improve the lives of the people living there, not just increase income.

The multinational company benefited because it arranged for the waste to be disposed of cheaply. The local company that accepted the contract also received payment. The people living in and around Abidjan did not benefit; instead, they suffered from toxic fumes, illness and deaths. The case shows that development or profit for one group can harm another group.

The goal should be development that improves people's lives without harming their health and environment. Economic activity should provide jobs and income, but it should also ensure safe waste disposal, clean air and water, public health and protection of local communities.

Possible goals are better roads and transport, regular electricity and clean drinking water, good schools, hospitals and healthcare, more employment, sanitation and waste management, safety for women and children, a clean environment and equal opportunities for all people.

Examples are average income of people, average marks of students and average rainfall of different places. Averages help us compare large groups using one common figure.

Average income, or per capita income, tells us the income of an average person. It is useful for comparing countries or states with different population sizes. Higher average income generally means that people have greater ability to buy goods and services. Therefore, it is an important measure, although it is not the only measure of development.

The distribution of income is also important. Two countries can have the same average income but very different distributions. If income is shared more equally, many people may have a reasonable standard of living. If most people are poor and a few people are extremely rich, the same average can hide inequality.

No. An increase in average income does not mean that every group has become better off. For example, suppose a country has four families. Three families have incomes of Rs 4,000, Rs 3,000 and Rs 3,000, while one family's income rises greatly. The average can increase even though the incomes of the other families do not improve. Therefore, we must also look at how income is distributed.

The supplied chapter does not provide a list of 10–15 low-income countries. It gives the World Bank classification and states that countries with per capita income of about US$2,300 or less in 2024 are low-income countries. Therefore, the requested list cannot be prepared from this chapter alone without outside data.

India should aim for higher and fairly distributed incomes, quality education and healthcare, more employment opportunities, equality, safety, clean surroundings and better public facilities. Development should also protect natural resources so that future generations can live well. In short, development should improve both people's economic conditions and their quality of life.

No. Haryana has higher per capita income than Kerala, but Kerala performs better on the other indicators shown. Kerala has a lower infant mortality rate (6 compared with Haryana's 28), a higher literacy rate (94% compared with 82%), and a higher net attendance ratio at the secondary stage (94% compared with 73%). This shows that higher income does not automatically mean better human development.

Examples include government schools, public hospitals, public transport, street lighting, public parks, roads, drainage systems, police protection, fire services and public water supply. Providing these services collectively can be cheaper and can make them available to many people.

No. Money is important, but other factors also matter. The quality and number of schools and hospitals, trained teachers and doctors, proper management, medicines, sanitation, accessibility, regular attendance and equal access are also important. Public facilities must actually reach people and work properly.

The chapter suggests that people in Tamil Nadu would be better off in this respect because a larger share of rural people uses the ration-shop system. A well-functioning Public Distribution System can provide essential goods at lower prices and can improve people's food and nutritional security.

The first two blanks are 76% for rural males and 54% for rural females. From the attendance figures, 15% of rural boys and 18% of rural girls aged 10–14 are currently not attending school.

18% of rural girls and 15% of rural boys are not attending school. Literacy among rural children aged 10–14 is 87% for females and 90% for males, so the corresponding illiteracy levels are 13% for females and 10% for males.

The blank refers to the 10–14 years age group. The concern is that children in this age group should normally be in school and gaining basic education.

Yes. Besides income, health and education, human development can also consider equality, freedom, safety, access to basic services, environmental quality, employment opportunities and a decent standard of living. These affect people's well-being.

Groundwater is overused when people take out water faster than nature can replace it through rainfall and other natural processes. Heavy use for agriculture, growing urban settlements and other needs can increase the pressure on groundwater. The chapter notes serious overuse in several parts of India.

Yes, development can be made more sustainable by using resources carefully, reducing waste, improving efficiency, protecting natural resources and using alternatives where possible. Development should meet present needs without destroying the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Crude oil is an important source of energy and is used in transport, industry and many other activities, so it plays an important role in modern development. However, it is a non-renewable resource and its supply is limited. Therefore, development should reduce unnecessary dependence on it and encourage efficient use and alternative energy sources.

India's dependence on imported crude oil can make the country vulnerable to rising international oil prices and supply problems. Higher oil prices can increase transport and production costs and put a burden on people and the economy. The chapter also points out that countries with limited reserves may face pressure to secure oil supplies.

The correct answer is (iv) all the above. The chapter explains that development is judged using income as well as important health and education indicators.

The correct answer is (ii) Sri Lanka. In Table 1.6, Sri Lanka has a higher life expectancy, more mean years of schooling and a better HDI rank than India.

The correct answer is (iv) Rs 6000. Total income = 4 × Rs 5000 = Rs 20,000. The first three families together earn Rs 14,000. Therefore, the fourth family earns Rs 20,000 − Rs 14,000 = Rs 6,000.

The World Bank mainly uses per capita income to classify countries. It is useful because it gives the average income of a person and allows comparison between countries. However, it has limitations. It does not show how income is distributed, and income alone does not tell us about health, education, equality, security, freedom or public facilities. Therefore, it cannot fully measure people's well-being.

The World Bank mainly uses per capita income to classify countries. The UNDP uses a broader approach. Its Human Development Report compares countries using indicators such as per capita income, people's health status and educational levels. Thus, UNDP looks at human well-being along with income.

We use averages because they give one simple number that helps us compare groups or countries. Per capita income is an example. But averages can hide differences within a group. For example, two countries may have the same average income, but one may have a fairly equal distribution while the other may have many poor people and one very rich person. Therefore, averages should be used along with other information.

No. Per capita income is useful because it tells us about the average income available to people and helps compare economic conditions. But it is not enough by itself. Kerala's better performance in health, education and other human-development indicators shows why other criteria are also needed. Therefore, per capita income should be used as one indicator along with health, education and other measures.

The chapter itself discusses crude oil and natural resources but does not provide a complete current list of India's energy sources or a forecast for fifty years from now. A reasonable chapter-based answer is that future energy use should increasingly consider renewable sources such as solar, wind, hydropower and other cleaner alternatives, while reducing dependence on limited non-renewable resources.

Sustainability is important because many natural resources are limited or can be overused. Groundwater can fall when extraction is faster than replenishment, and crude oil is a non-renewable resource that can eventually run out. If development destroys resources or the environment, future generations may not have enough resources to live well. Therefore, development must consider both present and future needs.

The statement highlights the need to use resources carefully and fairly. Natural resources are limited, and excessive use by some people can reduce what is available for others and for future generations. Development should satisfy basic needs and improve well-being without wasteful overuse of resources.

Examples include air pollution from vehicles and factories, water pollution from sewage or waste, plastic waste, cutting of trees, loss of green spaces, excessive groundwater use, soil pollution and improper disposal of garbage.

For Gross National Income per capita, Sri Lanka is at the top and Nepal is at the bottom. For life expectancy, Sri Lanka is at the top and Myanmar is at the bottom. For mean years of schooling, Sri Lanka is at the top and Pakistan is at the bottom. For HDI rank, Sri Lanka has the best rank among the listed countries, while Pakistan has the lowest rank (a higher numerical rank means a lower position).

Kerala has a lower proportion of adults with BMI below 18.5 than Madhya Pradesh. For males, Kerala is 8.5% while Madhya Pradesh is 28%. For females, Kerala is 10% while Madhya Pradesh is 28%. Therefore, the table shows a lower proportion of undernourished adults in Kerala.

Having enough food in the country does not mean that every person can afford or access enough nutritious food. Poverty, unequal access to food, poor health, lack of awareness, poor sanitation and unequal distribution can contribute to undernutrition. Thus, food availability at the national level and actual access to adequate nutrition for every person are different things.

This is a project activity, so there is no single textbook answer. A useful approach is to ask the speakers about employment, education, healthcare, roads, electricity, water, sanitation, public facilities, environmental protection and equality in the region. Then compare their views and make a wall chart showing the points on which the group agrees and disagrees.

Development does not mean only higher income. Different people have different goals. For comparing countries or states, per capita income is useful, but health, education, public facilities, equality and other aspects of human well-being are also important. Development must also be sustainable so that future generations can meet their needs.